Microwave regime surface spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

The nonlinear system includes a fixed visible input and tunable visible input that are directed to a location on a surface to be interrogated. The fixed visible input and the tunable visible inputs are aligned so that their surface locations of optical illumination overlap on the interrogated location. An output wavelength discriminator receives the reflected difference-frequency generated on the interrogated location. The output wavelength discriminator is substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of the fixed visible input and the tunable visible input. The output of the output wavelength is a microwave output. Signal collection optics receives an output of the output wavelength discriminator and directs the propagation of the output thereof so that a collected microwave light signal is formed after propagation through the signal collection optics. The collected microwave light signal is converted to an electronic signal. Thus, the intensity of the difference-frequency wavelength is monitored for providing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on the surface to be interrogated.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to monitoring the physical state and condition of a surface and more particularly to the use of second-order nonlinear optics to determine the physical aspects of a surface to a high degree of specificity.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] The spectroscopy of the microwave regime (electromagnetic phenomena with wavelengths from 100 centimeters to 1 centimeter) is a relatively unused means to characterize physical phenomena. Use of that spectral region is typically limited to communication applications. Material diagnostics typically focus on responses in the optical regime, with concentration in the visible (0.33 to 0.77 micron) and infrared (0.77 to 20 micron) portions of the spectrum. The exception to this is in nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, which examine the long wavelength spectral responses associated with nuclear spin flips. In fact, there are a great deal of physical excitations in that spectral region, primarily associated with molecular rotations, that could be used to analyze and diagnose the properties of a physical system. In particular, the microwave properties of a surface may prove to be very important.

[0005] In nonlinear optics or so-called wave mixing processes, outputs are produced at sum, difference or harmonic frequencies of the input(s). Using second order nonlinear optical surface spectroscopy to examine the physical properties and behavior of a surface or interface was originally proposed in the 1960's, in “Light Waves at the Boundary of Nonlinear Media” by Bloembergen and P. S. Pershan, The Physical Review, 128, Page 193 (1962). Experimental work involving second harmonic generation was also performed. However, because lasers at the time were comparatively feeble, impractical, slow, etc., there was little subsequent work done on the development of second harmonic generation or, more generally, second order nonlinear optical (NLO) processes at surfaces until considerably later, when lasers had reached a certain level of technical maturity.

[0006] Recently, researchers have reviewed NLO processing and concluded that lasers had developed enough that they could be used for studying the physical and chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces. For example, a theoretical study of the physics of the interface, and not its engineering aspects, has been performed. See Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Volume 3, Number 5, September October 1985, Pages 1464-1466, Y. R. Shen, “Surface Studies by Optical Second Harmonic Generation: an Overview.”

[0007] However, the work conducted thus far with surface nonlinear optics has been limited to optical wavelengths. If one extends the theory to longer wavelengths (>100 microns), it turns out that the analogous processes still apply. It would be difficult to perform surface measurements using microwave sources as inputs, as high peak power coherent sources in this regime are not readily implemented and mixing with optical sources would be problematic.

[0008] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,289, T. F. Heinz et al. discuss the use of second harmonic generation as a means to monitor the epitaxial growth of silicon semiconductor structures in a high vacuum chamber. Specifically, they examined the spectroscopic response at the interface between the electronically active silicon and the insulative layer of calcium fluoride. By monitoring the magnitude of the resonance, they could ascertain whether the insulator was present on the surface and whether it had electronically binded to the underlying semiconductor. The system that is used examines the total intensity only of the second harmonic light that is generated and there is no discussion of the use of optical difference frequency generation between two input sources. There is also no discussion of microwave measurements.

[0009] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,341, J. H. Hunt discusses the use of sum-frequency generation for the detection of contamination and corrosion on engine parts. In this incarnation, one of the inputs is a tunable IR beam that is tuned to a resonance of the contamination on the surface. The efficiency of the sum-frequency process is increased (so-called resonant enhancement) when the IR beam is resonant with a contaminant. If the contaminant is not present, there is no resonant enhancement. By comparing on and off resonant signals, the presence and level of contaminant can be deduced. However, there is no discussion of applying difference frequency generation to observe a material resonance. There is no discussion of microwave measurements.

[0010] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,875,029, P. C. Jann et al. describe a versatile optical inspection instrument and method to inspect magnetic disk surfaces for surface defects. The device provides surface position information of the defects. However, the technique involves only linear optical processes. That is, the input and output light wavelengths are the same.

[0011] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,714, Jann et al. describe a versatile optical inspection instrument and method to inspect magnetic disk surfaces for surface defects. The device is based on interferometric measurement and detects contaminants by measuring the Doppler shift in the light that results from scanning the light onto a contaminant or defect. By scanning, the device provides surface position information of the defects. However, the technique involves only linear optical processes and senses only phase changes. That is, the input and output light wavelengths are the same.

[0012] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,499, J. L. Pressesky discusses a system for detecting local surface discontinuities in magnetic storage discs. The device is an interferometric detector which scans the disc in a spiral motion. Local defects cause local changes in phase, which are measured by interferometric techniques. This is a linear optical technique.

[0013] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,423, T. Sawatari et al. discuss a scatterometer for detecting surface defects in semiconductor wafers. This device is a linear interferometric device.

[0014] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,778, J. H. Hunt discusses the use of second harmonic generation for investigating molecular alignment within a thin polyimide film. The technique uses changes in the second harmonic polarization to determine surface molecular alignment. There is no discussion of difference frequency generation from the surface to be interrogated. Furthermore, there is no discussion of microwave regime responses.

[0015] In U.S. Pat. No. 6,317,514 B1, S. Reinhorn et al. discuss a method and apparatus for inspecting a wafer surface to detect the presence of conductive material on the wafer. The device uses UV initiated electron emission to determine the location of conductive areas. Those areas which are metal will emit electrons. If the area, which is supposed to be conductive, is not, there will be no electron emission.

[0016] In U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,451 B1, G. N. Wallmark discusses a system for testing for opens and shorts between conductor traces on a circuit board. The technique uses electron scattering to perform its diagnostics and has no optics associated with it.

SUMMARY

[0017] The present invention is a nonlinear optical system for performing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on a surface to be interrogated. In a broad aspect, the present invention includes a first optical source for providing a fixed visible input directable to a location on a surface to be interrogated. A second optical source provides a tunable visible input that is directable to the surface to be interrogated. The fixed visible input and the tunable visible inputs are alignable so that their surface locations of optical illumination overlap on the interrogated location. An output wavelength discriminator receives the reflected difference-frequency generated on the interrogated location. The output wavelength discriminator is substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of the fixed visible input and the tunable visible input. The output of the output wavelength discriminator is a microwave output. Signal collection optics receive the microwave output of the output wavelength discriminator and direct the propagation of the microwave output of the output wavelength discriminator so that a collected microwave light signal is formed after propagation through the signal collection optics. A microwave detector system converts the collected microwave light signal to an electronic signal. Thus, the intensity of the difference-frequency wavelength is monitored for providing surface-sensitive spectroscopic characterizations on the surface to be interrogated.

[0018] Ordinarily, the characterization of the microwave spectroscopic properties of a material requires a source at that range of wavelengths. Microwave spectroscopy requires a microwave source which generates light in the microwave electromagnetic regime. However, when studying the nonlinear optical response of a material, resonant behavior can be achieved even if only the difference between two input sources corresponds to a material resonance. In many cases, it is difficult to generate microwave light at arbitrary wavelengths, but it is always possible to generate tunable visible light, whose wavelength can be tuned near the wavelength of a fixed visible source. In the present case, where nonlinear optical processes are being used to monitor a surface, it is important that the input sources have high peak power. It is difficult to produce high peak power optical pulses at arbitrary microwave wavelengths. Instead, difference-frequency allows the use of visible high peak power pulses, which are easier to produce, to make the same measurements.

[0019] There is additional complexity in that the detection of low levels of microwave radiation is non-trivial. Two means to accommodate detection in this regime is to either (A) combine the weak microwave signal with a strong optical beam via a nonlinear optical interaction and detect that combined light or (B) detect the microwave source directly with a specialized detector, such as a metal-oxide-metal, so called MOM, detector.

[0020] Other objects, advantages, and novel features will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the nonlinear optical system of the present invention.

[0022]FIG. 2a is a schematic representation of a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector system that can be utilized by the present invention.

[0023]FIG. 2b is a schematic representation of a microwave upconverter detector system that can be utilized by the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] Referring now to the drawings and the characters of reference marked thereon, FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the nonlinear optical system for performing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations, designated generally as 10. The optical system 10 includes a first optical source, indicated by phantom lines 12 for providing a fixed visible input that is directable to a location 13 on a surface 14 of the semiconductor wafer to be interrogated. A second optical source 16 provides a tunable visible input that is also directable to the location 13 on the surface 14 to be interrogated. The optical sources 12, 16 are aligned so that their surface areas of optical illumination overlap on the interrogated surface 14. This alignment may be implemented via a series of refractive and reflective elements. For example, by changing their tilt in two axes, two mirrors in series can propagate a laser beam to any position on a surface.

[0025] The first optical source 12 includes a fixed visible input 18 in optical communication with an associated input optics 20. The input 18 is preferably a narrow frequency bandwidth visible pulse laser and, may be, for example a pulsed diode laser, a continuous wave diode laser or a pulsed solid state laser or a continuous wave solid state laser.

[0026] The input optics 20 preferably includes an input polarizer 22, an input wavelength discriminator 24, an input spatial filter 26 and an input propagation optics 28. The input polarizer 22 could be, for example, a brewster angle polarizer, a thin film polarizer, a Glan-air or Glan-Thompson polarizer or other crystal polarizer. The wavelength discriminator 24 may be, for example, a color filter, a dielectric film, a holographic transmission filter or a grating. The input propagation optics 20 could be formed of one or more refractive or reflective optics which, when used in combination, control the divergence or convergence of the beam as it propagates towards the surface.

[0027] The second optical source 16 includes a tunable visible input 30 and associated input optics 32. The input optics 32 may be as described above with respect to the first optical source 12. However, the optics 32 is optimized for the wavelength of the second optical source 16. The input 30 is preferably a tunable visible laser and may be, for example, an optical parametric oscillator whose optical resonator may be designed so that the output light will be tunable at wavelengths in the vicinity of the fixed wavelength. The tunable visible source pulse should cover substantially the entire visible range required so that the difference-frequency with the fixed source will cover the microwave response of the conditions that may be present on the surface 14.

[0028] An output wavelength discriminator 34 receives the reflected difference-frequency generated on the interrogated location 13. The output wavelength discriminator 34 is substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but is substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of the fixed visible input 18 and the tunable visible input 30. The output 36 of the output wavelength discriminator is a microwave output. The output wavelength discriminator 34, like the input wavelength discriminators, may comprise a color filter, a dielectric film, a holographic transmission filter or a grating. The wavelength discriminator is necessary to assure that only reflected light at the difference-frequency, and no light at the input visible wavelengths, are monitored.

[0029] Signal collection optics 38 receives the microwave output 40 of the output wavelength discriminator 34 and directs the propagation of the output so that a collected microwave light signal 42 is formed after propagation through the signal collection optics 38. The signal collection optics 38 may be either refractive or reflective optics which, when used in conjunction, act to control the divergence of the light coming from the surface so that as much of the light signal, as is technically possible, is collected for subsequent analysis.

[0030] A microwave detector system 44 converts the collected microwave light signal 42 to an electronic signal 46, thus monitoring the intensity of the difference-frequency wavelength as a function of surface condition. Potential microwave detector systems are discussed below.

[0031] An electronic signal analyzer 48 analyzes the electronic signal 46 for providing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations. The electronic signal analyzer 48 may be, for example, a computer with suitable internal electronics to implement the appropriate mathematical algorithms to interpret the signals.

[0032] The physical conditions of the surface will change the spectroscopic response of the surface. Since the amount of light generated at the difference-frequency wavelength will depend upon the surface spectroscopy, appropriate interpretation of the electronic signal provides a means to monitor the physical conditions of the surface.

[0033] Referring now to FIG. 2a, a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector system is illustrated, designated generally as 50. The MOM tunneling microwave detector 50 includes a metal base 52. The metal base 52 preferably comprises gold, tungsten or a combination thereof. A metal oxide surface layer 54 is formed on the metal base. A metal whisker 56 is in contact with the metal oxide surface layer 54 at a contact region, so that the collected microwave light signal 42 is focused on the metal whisker proximate the contact region. The electronic signal 46 is emitted from the metal base 52.

[0034] Referring now to FIG. 2b, a second type of microwave detector system is illustrated, designated generally as 58. The system 58 illustrated is a microwave upconverter detector system. A detector optical mixing beam source 60 provides a detector optical mixing beam 62. The detector optical mixing beam source 60 may comprise, for example, a pulsed laser or diode-pumped laser.

[0035] A detector nonlinear optical medium 64 receives the detector optical mixing beam 62 and the collected microwave light signal 42. The nonlinear optical medium 64 produces an upconverted optical signal, i.e. visible detector nonlinear optical medium output signal 66, having an intensity directly proportional to the collected microwave light signal 42. The nonlinear optical medium may comprise, for example, lithium-niobate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, silver thiogallite or potassium titanium oxide phosphate. An avalanche photodiode 68 converts the visible detector nonlinear optical medium output signal 66 to the electronic signal.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment the first optical source may comprise a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line or a Nd:YAG laser and a harmonic converter for operation at the second or third harmonic of the laser fundamental output wavelength. It may operate with a maximum pulse length of 10 nanoseconds. The optimal pulse length is less than 1 picosecond.

[0037] The input optics of the first optical source preferably includes a steering apparatus, comprising two mirrors aligned so that that their surface normals are non-coplanar. It also preferably includes a polarization rotator comprising a half-wave plate. The half-wave plate should be optimized for an output wavelength of the input laser. The input optics also preferably uses a linear polarizer that is aligned so that an output wavelength is p or s polarized with the polarization referenced to the surface to be interrogated. A spot shaping apparatus is used, comprising a series of lenses, for creating a controlled spot size on the surface to be interrogated. Finally, a narrow band optical filter is used that passes only an output wavelength or harmonic wavelength of the input laser.

[0038] In this preferred embodiment, the second optical source preferably comprises a tunable visible input—an optical parametric oscillator and amplifier tunable output in a band of 0.2 to 1.0 micron. A steering apparatus is utilized including two mirrors aligned so that that their surface normals are non-coplanar, with the mirrors' reflectances being optimized for an output wavelength of the tunable visible laser. A polarization rotator is used that is operative in the visible range. A linear polarizer is used and is aligned so that an output wavelength is p or s polarized with the polarization referenced to the surface to be interrogated. Again, a spot shaping apparatus is used, including a series of lenses for creating a controlled spot size on the surface to be interrogated, the lenses being transparent in the visible range. Finally, an optical filter is utilized including a color filter having a bandgap that passes visible, but blocks longer, wavelengths.

[0039] The output wavelength discriminator preferably includes an iris; a filter in optical communication with the iris for passing the difference-frequency wavelength; and, a linear polarizer in optical communication with the filter, aligned to detect either the p or s polarized difference-frequency wavelength, wherein the polarization is referenced to the surface where the difference-frequency light is generated.

[0040] The signal collection optics preferably includes a telescope system comprising a plurality of telescope system lenses having materials optimized for the difference-frequency wavelength, which will be in the microwave regime, in the wavelength band from 1.0 centimeter to 100 centimeter. The microwave detector may be based on one of several MOM configurations or may be alternately based on a nonlinear upconversion device, incorporating an avalanche photodiode to detect the upconverted signal. The detector will be electronically gated to only detect output signal generated by the input laser pulses. A computer collects and analyzes the electronic data from the optical detector.

[0041] There are many possible applications for the nonlinear optical system of the present invention. The optical system can be used, for example, as an in-situ surface monitor for manufacturing. It can used to detect small amounts of surface contamination, both in particulate form and as chemical residue. Corrosion can be sensed at its onset. Thin films, such as those associated with liquid crystals or optical coatings, can be monitored for chemical composition and molecular alignment. In fact, most any surface whose physical or chemical properties require diagnostic measurement can employ the present optical system.

[0042] Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. 

What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
 1. A nonlinear optical system for performing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on a surface to be interrogated, comprising: a) a first optical source for providing a fixed visible input directable to a location on a surface to be interrogated; b) a second optical source for providing a tunable visible input being directable to said surface to be interrogated, said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input being alignable so that their surface locations of optical illumination overlap on said interrogated location; c) an output wavelength discriminator for receiving the reflected difference-frequency generated on said interrogated location, said output wavelength discriminator being substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but being substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input, the output of said output wavelength discriminator being a microwave output; d) signal collection optics for receiving an output of said output wavelength discriminator and directing the propagation of said output of the output wavelength discriminator so that a collected microwave light signal is formed after propagation through said signal collection optics; and, e) a microwave detector system for converting said collected microwave light signal to an electronic signal, thus monitoring the intensity of said difference-frequency wavelength for providing surface-sensitive spectroscopic characterizations on the surface to be interrogated.
 2. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector.
 3. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector, said microwave upconverter detector, comprising: a) a detector optical mixing beam source for providing a detector optical mixing beam; b) a detector nonlinear optical medium for receiving said detector optical mixing beam and said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium producing a visible detector optical medium output signal having an intensity directly proportional to said collected microwave light signal; and, c) an avalanche photodiode for converting said visible detector optical medium output signal to said electronic signal.
 4. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector, said microwave upconverter detector, comprising: a) a detector optical mixing beam source for providing a detector optical mixing beam; b) a detector nonlinear optical medium for receiving said detector optical mixing beam and said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium producing a visible detector optical medium output signal having an intensity directly proportional to said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium comprising lithium-niobate; and, c) an avalanche photodiode for converting said visible detector optical medium output signal to said electronic signal.
 5. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1; wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector, said microwave upconverter detector, comprising: a) a detector optical mixing beam source for providing a detector optical mixing beam; b) a detector nonlinear optical medium for receiving said detector optical mixing beam and said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium producing a visible detector optical medium output signal having an intensity directly proportional to said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium comprising potassium titanium oxide phosphate; and, c) an avalanche photodiode for converting said visible detector optical medium output signal to said electronic signal.
 6. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector, said microwave upconverter detector, comprising: a) a detector optical mixing beam source for providing a detector optical mixing beam, said detector optical mixing beam source comprising a pulsed laser; b) a detector nonlinear optical medium for receiving said detector optical mixing beam and said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium producing a visible detector optical medium output signal having an intensity directly proportional to said collected microwave light signal; and, c) an avalanche photodiode for converting said visible detector optical medium output signal to said electronic signal.
 7. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a microwave upconverter detector, said microwave upconverter detector, comprising: a) a detector optical mixing beam source for providing a detector optical mixing beam, said detector optical mixing beam source comprising a diode-pumped laser; b) a detector nonlinear optical medium for receiving said detector optical mixing beam and said collected microwave light signal, said nonlinear optical medium producing a visible detector optical medium output signal having an intensity directly proportional to said collected microwave light signal; and, c) an avalanche photodiode for converting said visible detector optical medium output signal to said electronic signal.
 8. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector.
 9. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector, comprising: a) a metal base; b) a metal oxide surface layer formed on said metal base; and, c) a metal whisker in contact with said metal oxide surface layer at a contact region, wherein said collected microwave light signal is focused on said metal whisker proximate said contact region, said electronic signal being emitted from said metal base.
 10. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector, comprising: a) a metal base; b) a metal oxide surface layer formed on said metal base; and, c) a metal whisker in contact with said metal oxide surface layer at a contact region, wherein said collected optical light signal is focused on said metal whisker proximate said contact region, said electronic signal being emitted from said metal base.
 11. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector, comprising: a) a metal base comprising gold; b) a metal oxide surface layer formed on said metal base; and, c) a metal whisker in contact with said metal oxide surface layer at a contact region, wherein said collected microwave light signal is focused on said metal whisker proximate said contact region, said electronic signal being emitted from said metal base.
 12. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said microwave detector system comprises a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling microwave detector, comprising: a) a metal base comprising tungsten; b) a metal oxide surface layer formed on said metal base; and, c) a metal whisker in contact with said metal oxide surface layer at a contact region, wherein said collected microwave light signal is focused on said metal whisker proximate said contact region, said electronic signal being emitted from said metal base.
 13. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, further comprising an electronic signal analyzer for analyzing said electronic signal for providing the surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations.
 14. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a first laser in optical communication with a first input optics.
 15. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a first laser in optical communication with a first input optics, said first input optics comprising a first input polarizer, a first input wavelength discriminator, a first input spatial filter and first input propagation optics in optical communication.
 16. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said second optical source comprises a second laser in optical communication with a second input optics.
 17. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said second optical source comprises a second laser in optical communication with a second input optics, said second input optics comprising a second input polarizer, a second input wavelength discriminator, a second input spatial filter and second input propagation optics in optical communication.
 18. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said second optical source comprises an optical parametric oscillator and amplifier tunable output in a band of 0.2 to 1.0 micron.
 19. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a pulsed solid state laser.
 20. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line.
 21. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser and a harmonic converter for operation at the second or third harmonic of the laser fundamental output wavelength.
 22. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line and a maximum pulse length of 10 nanoseconds.
 23. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line and a pulse length of less than 1 picosecond.
 24. The nonlinear optical system of claim 1, further comprising an electronic signal analyzer for analyzing said electronic signal for providing the surface-sensitive spectroscopic characterizations.
 25. A nonlinear optical system for performing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on a surface to be interrogated, comprising: a) a first optical source for providing a fixed visible input directable to a location on a surface to be interrogated, said first optical source comprising a first laser in optical communication with a first input optics; b) a second optical source for providing a tunable visible input being directable to said surface to be interrogated, said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input being alignable so that their surface locations of optical illumination overlap on said interrogated location, said second optical source comprising a second laser in optical communication with a second input optics; c) an output wavelength discriminator for receiving the reflected difference-frequency generated on said interrogated location, said output wavelength discriminator being substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but being substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input, the output of said output wavelength discriminator being a microwave output; d) signal collection optics for receiving an output of said output wavelength discriminator and directing the propagation of said output of the output wavelength discriminator so that a collected microwave light signal is formed after propagation through said signal collection optics; e) a microwave detector system for converting said collected microwave light signal to an electronic signal, thus monitoring the intensity of said difference-frequency wavelength for providing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on the surface to be interrogated; and, f) an electronic signal analyzer for analyzing said electronic signal for providing the surface-sensitive spectroscopic characterizations.
 26. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said second optical source comprises an optical parametric oscillator and amplifier tunable output in a band of 0.2 to 1.0 micron.
 27. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said first optical source comprises a pulsed solid state laser.
 28. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line.
 29. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser and a harmonic converter for operation at the second or third harmonic of the laser fundamental output wavelength.
 30. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line and a maximum pulse length of 10 nanoseconds.
 31. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said first optical source comprises a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line and a pulse length of less than 1 picosecond.
 32. The nonlinear optical system of claim 25, wherein said microwave detector system comprises an avalanche photodiode.
 33. A method for performing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on a surface to be interrogated, comprising: a) directing a fixed visible input to a location on a surface to be interrogated; b) directing a tunable visible input to said surface to be interrogated, said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input being alignable so that their surface locations of optical illumination overlap on said interrogated location; c) receiving the reflected difference-frequency generated on said interrogated location, via an output wavelength discriminator, said output wavelength discriminator being substantially non-transmissive at frequencies higher than the difference-frequency, but being substantially transmissive at the difference-frequency of said fixed visible input and said tunable visible input, the output of said output wavelength discriminator being a microwave output; d) receiving an output of said output wavelength discriminator, via a signal collection optics, and directing the propagation of said output of the output wavelength discriminator so that a collected microwave light signal is formed after propagation through said signal collection optics; and, e) converting said collected microwave light signal to an electronic signal, thus monitoring the intensity of said difference-frequency wavelength for providing surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations on the surface to be interrogated.
 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising the step of: analyzing said electronic signal for providing the surface-sensitive microwave spectroscopic characterizations.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a fixed visible input comprises directing a pulsed diode laser.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a fixed visible input comprises directing a continuous wave diode laser.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a fixed visible input comprises directing a pulsed solid state laser.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a fixed visible input comprises directing a continuous wave solid state laser.
 39. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a fixed visible input comprises directing a Nd:YAG laser operating on the 1.064 micron line.
 40. The method of claim 33, wherein said step of directing a tunable visible input comprises directing an optical parametric oscillator. 